1. Transference
It
is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named
"transcription”.
Example
:
خـيـرازقــين
وهـو [wa huwa khair ar-Râziqîn]
الـمـال زكاة [zakât al-mâl]
2. Naturalization
It
adapts the SL word
first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.
(Newmark, 1988b:82)
Example
:
camera = kamera
neutral = netral
3. Cultural equivalent
It means replacing a cultural word in
the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark,
1988b:83)
Example :
spaghetti = mie goreng
supermarket = pasar swalayan
4. Functional equivalent
It requires the use of a
culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example :
flat = rumah
petak/rumah susun
sari (traditional cloth of Indian woman)= kebaya
(traditional cloth of Javanese woman)
5. Descriptive equivalent
In this procedure the meaning of the
CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example :
I like panetton.
Saya suka panetton,
kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun baru.
She held a Halloween party in her home last
night.
Dia mengadakan pesta Halloween, tradisi perayaan malam tanggal
31 Oktober oleh orang Amerika Serikat yang biasa dirayakan dengan memakai
kostum seram, di rumahnya tadi malam.
6.
Componential analysis
It means "comparing an SL word with a TL
word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent,
by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example :
She got a punishment for her lateness
Dia mendapat hukuman atas keterlambatnnya
(verb
-> verb)
Her voice is so amazing
Suaranya benar-benar mengagumkan
(adjective – adjective)
7. Synonymy
It
is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example :
Big = huge,
large, gigantic, giant, immense.
Beautiful =
pretty, stunning, gorgeous, good-looking.
8. Through-translation
It
is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be
called: calque or loan translation.
(Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example
:
assistant
manager = asisten manajer
waterfall
= air terjun
9. Shifts or transpositions
It
involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from
singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does
not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL
noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)
Example
:
I have no
control over this condition
Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini
I guess intelligence
is okay, so long as it develops the natural way!
Kurasa jadi
pintar itu sah-sah saja, asal kepintaran berkembang secara alami!
10. Modulation
It
occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the
TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL
may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
Example
:
Nobody
doesn’t like it = semua orang menyukainya
I cut my
finger = jariku teriris
11. Recognized
translation
It
occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally
accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
Example
:
WHO = Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia
AFF = Federasi Sepak
Bola ASEAN
12. Compensation
It
occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another
part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
Example
:
- Vengeance is mine ! = saatnya balas dendam!
- He couldn’t even lift an axe
without hurting himself! = Memegang kapak saja
bisa-bisa tangannya terluka!
13. Paraphrase
In
this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is
much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark,
1988b:91)
Example
:
download
= mengunduh/mengambil data dari sebuah sistem ke sistem yang lain, biasanya
dari internet ke komputer
homemade
= buatan rumahan, sesuatu yang ‘homemade’ berarti dibuat sendiri secara manual
di rumah, bukan dengan mesin di sebuah pabrik.
14. Couplets
It
occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark,
1988b:91)
Example
:
Where the answer is no, programs will end
Apabila jawabannya
tidak, programnya akan dihentikan.
Literal translation
Established equivalent (where = apabila)
As we consider the road that unfolds before us,
we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour,
patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.
Sambil kita
mempertimbangkan jalan yang terbentang di depan kita, kita mengingat dengan
rasa terima kasih orang-orang Amerika yang gagah berani, yang pada saat ini,
berpatroli di gurun dan gunung yang sangat jauh.
Generalization (at this very hour = pada saat ini)
Linguistic Amplification (distant mountain = gunung
yang sangat jauh)
15. Notes
Notes
are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example
:
“For
three years, I’d followed the orders of my Amak1 to study at an
Islamic junior high school,………”
1
A word for mother for
most Minang areas.
“The
next day, Atang took us around Bandung by angkot11."
11
Mini-bus. A common
form of public transportation in Indonesia.
